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Gardens in Scotland are planned spaces, set aside for the display, cultivation, and enjoyment of plants and other forms of nature, in Scotland between the Middle Ages and the present day. Gardens, or yards, around medieval abbeys, castles and houses were formal and in the European tradition of herb garden, kitchen garden and orchard. The first Renaissance style gardens in Scotland were built for the Stewart dynasty at their royal palaces. Members of the nobility and gentry followed suit. From the late sixteenth century, the landscaping of many estate houses was influenced by Italian Renaissance gardens. From this period there are many examples of formal gardens created for nobles, gentry and lairds. The legacy of the Auld Alliance, and the beginnings of the grand tour, meant that French styles were particularly important in Scotland, although adapted for the Scottish climate. In the late seventeenth century William Bruce put Scotland at the forefront of European garden design. In the eighteenth century there was a reaction against the "absolutism" and "popery" of the French court and a retreat from the expense of maintaining large formal gardens. The move to a less formal landscape of parklands and irregular clumps of planting, associated in England with Capability Brown, was dominated in Scotland by his followers, Robert Robinson and Thomas White senior and junior. New ideas about gardening developed in the nineteenth century including the writings of Humphrey Repton. The mid-nineteenth century saw the beginnings of formal public parks. In the early twentieth century Scottish plant collectors continued to be highly active. Gardening began to be a major pursuit of the working and middle classes in the twentieth century. Some major planned gardens were created in the twentieth century including Ian Hamilton Finlay's Little Sparta and Charles Jencks post-modern Garden of Cosmic Speculation. ==Middle Ages and Renaissance== Gardens, as designated spaces for planting, first came to Scotland with Christianity and monasticism from the sixth century. The monastery of Iona had such a garden for medicinal herbs and other plants and tended by an Irish gardener from the time of Columba (521–597).〔R. Sharpe, ed., (''Life of St Columba'' ) (London: Penguin, 1995), ISBN 0140444629.〕 By the late Middle Ages gardens, or yards, around medieval abbeys, castles and houses were formal and in the European tradition of herb garden, kitchen garden and orchard.〔F. Jamieson, "Gardening and landscapes" in M. Lynch, ed., ''The Oxford Companion to Scottish History'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), ISBN 0-19-211696-7, pp. 258–60.〕 Such gardens are know to have been present at Pluscarden Priory, Beauly Priory and Kinloss Abbey and created for the Bishop of Moray at Spynie in the mid-sixteenth century.〔M. M. Meikle, (''The Scottish People 1490–1625'' ) (Lulu Press, 2014).〕 The gardens of castles and estate houses were often surrounded by defensive walls and they sometimes adjoined a hunting park.〔 Urban houses had gardens as part of burgage plots that stretched behind houses, often used to produce vegetables such as kale and beans〔E. Ewen, "Sights, smells and sounds in the medieval town", in E. J Cowan and L. Henderson, ''A History of Everyday Life in Medieval Scotland'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2011), ISBN 0748629505, p. 114.〕 The first Renaissance-style gardens in Scotland were built for the Stewart dynasty at their royal palaces. French gardeners were hired by James IV at Stirling Castle in 1501, where the King's Knot Garden was developed〔 and at Holyrood Palace around 1504, where the gardens were probably remodelled from monastic gardens. A "Queen's Garden" was created there in 1511. The gardens at both Stirling and Holyrood were overseen by a priest Sir John Sharp.〔 James V remodelled the gardens at Holyrood again in 1536,〔 employing the Frenchman Bertrand Gallotre at both Holyrood and Stirling. At Holyrood the ditches surrounding the gardens were improved and the ponds drained.〔 Archaeological remains indicate there were sophisticated formal gardens.〔 John Morrison became the chief gardener of the south side of the palace in 1546 and remained there until 1598.〔 During the personal reign of Mary, Queen of Scots (1561–67), there was an emphasis on herbs and vegetables. The ponds may have been permanently drained in this period and the monastic areas were planted with trees to make orchards and pleasant walking areas.〔 Similar landscaping is also found at Falkland Palace and Linlithgow Palace.〔 Members of the nobility and gentry followed suit, with gardens recorded for Hugh Rose of Kilravock, built in 1536, and for the Seatons of Touch at Greenknowe Tower, which had gardens and avenues surrounding it. The gardens at Kinloss were improved by William Luban of Dieppe after his arrival in Scotland in 1540 and four years later he created the garden around the new palace at Beauly.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Gardens in Scotland」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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